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GIS based identification and assessment of groundwater quality potential zones in Puri city, India(Journal of Water Resource and Protection)
(Ritesh Vijay, Dipak Ranjan Samal and Prasantha Kumar Mohopatra,3,6,340-347,Year : 2011)
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Puri city is situated on the east coast of India and groundwater is the only source available to meet the potable water supply of the city. The objective of the study was to assess the impact of anthropogenic activities on groundwater quality and to identify the groundwater potential zones for drinking water production using GIS. Major sources of groundwater contamination in the city were open discharges of domestic sewage, inadequate sewerage system, open defecation, septic tanks, soak pits, contaminated water pools and unorganized solid waste dumping. Groundwater samples were collected and analyzed during post and pre monsoon to evaluate the drinking water quality as per Indian standards. The groundwater zones were prepared based on weighted index overlay analysis by assigning the weights based on the drinking water standards under different classes of individual water quality parameters. Finally, the potential zones were identified and assessed as suitable, moderately suitable and unsuitable for domestic purpose. Based on groundwater quality and geospatial analysis, measures were suggested to protect groundwater resources.
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FAHP ranking and selection of pretreatment module for membrane separation processes in textile cluster(Bioresource Technology)
(Pravin Manekar, Tapas Nandy, Abha Sargaonkar, Barkha Rathi, Manikavasagam Karthik,102,2,558- 566,Year : 2011)
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Recent development in membrane manufacturing and extensive application of membranes in effluent treatment has opened up a new water resource. The effluent pretreatment module plays a critical role in membrane performance. Appropriate selection of conventional and advanced pretreatment modules in membrane separation processes (MSP) is significant to the success of zero effluent discharge (ZED). This study addresses performance assessment of eight conventional and advanced pretreatment modules implemented for wastewater management in a textile cluster in South India. The comparative pollutant reduction, capital, operation and maintenance (OM) cost of pretreatment modules are discussed. The ranking and interdependence of the pretreatment modules were analyzed through fuzzy analytical hierarchy process (FAHP) with MATLAB software.
The pretreatment module IV ranked third with a composite weight of 15.46%. The integrated study of performance assessment and FAHP resulted in an optimum pretreatment module IV comprising the sequence of chemical precipitation, bio-oxidation processes (activated sludge processes) followed by chemical precipitation, to achieve the ZED. This study provides a techno-economically feasible solution for selection of an effective pretreatment module for MSP in the textile cluster.
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Novel two stage bio-oxidation and chlorination process for high strength hazardous coal carbonization effluent(Journal of Hazardous Materials)
(Pravin Manekar, Rima Biswas, Manikavasagam Karthik, Tapas Nandy,189,1-2,92-99,Year : 2011)
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Effluent generated from coal carbonization to coke was characterized with high organic content, phenols, ammonium nitrogen, and cyanides. A full scale effluent treatment plant (ETP) working on the principle of single stage carbon–nitrogen bio-oxidation process (SSCNBP) revealed competition between heterotrophic and autotrophic bacteria in the bio-degradation and nitrification process. The effluent was pretreated in a stripper and further combined with other streams to treat in the SSCNBP. Laboratory studies were carried on process and stripped effluents in a bench scale model of ammonia stripper and a two stage bio-oxidation process. The free ammonia removal efficiency of stripper was in the range 70–89%. Bench scale studies of the two stage bio-oxidation process achieved a carbon–nitrogen reduction at 6 days hydraulic retention time (HRT) operating in an extended aeration mode. This paper addresses the studies on selection of a treatment process for removal of organic matter, phenols, cyanide and ammonia nitrogen. The treatment scheme comprising ammonia stripping (pretreatment) followed by the two stage bio-oxidation and chlorination process met the Indian Standards for discharge into Inland Surface Waters. This treatment process package offers a techno-economically viable treatment scheme to neuter hazardous effluent generated from coal carbonization process.
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Water quality assessment of Malad Creek, Mumbai, India: an impact of sewage and tidal water(Water Science and Technology)
(Veena K. Saradar Ritesh Vijay R. A. Sohony,62,9,2037-2043,Year : 2010)
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The aim of the study was to carry out water quality assessment and to identify sources responsible for deterioration of quality in the Malad creek, Mumbai, India. Creek receives sewage and wastewater from various drains and partially treated effluent from Malad and Versova treatment facilities. To assess the water quality, sampling locations were identified in the creek based on discharges of wastewater and sewage. Identified locations were traced in physical space by a global positioning system. Samples were collected during low and high tides and analyzed for physical, chemical and bacteriological parameters such as pH, Turbidity, DO, BOD, NH3-N, PO4 and FC and compared with SW-II Standards. Parameters were also analyzed statistically and correlated to determine the relationship amongst the parameters using SPSS software. The idea was to determine the probable causes contributing to the pollution in the creek. Various options were suggested for improvement in the creek quality based on water quality assessment.
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Remote sensing of turbidity and phosphate in creeks and coast of Mumbai: An effect of organic matter(Transactions in GIS)
(Deepty R. Satapathy, Ritesh Vijay, S. R. Kamble, R. A. Sohony,14,6,811-832,Year : 2010)
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Geospatial approaches to monitoring and mapping water quality over a wide range of temporal and spatial scales have the potential to save field and laboratory efforts. The present study depicts the estimation of water quality parameters, namely turbidity and phosphate, through regression analysis using the reflectance derived from remote sensing data on the west coast of Mumbai, India. The predetermined coastal water samples were collected using the global positioning system (GPS) and were measured concurrently with satellite imagery acquisition. To study the influence of wastewater, the linear correlations were established between water quality parameters and reflectance of visible bands for either set of imagery for the study area, which was divided into three zones: creek water, shore?line water and coastal water. Turbidity and phosphate have the correlation coefficients in the range 0.75–0.94 and 0.78–0.98, respectively, for the study area. Negative correlation was observed for creek water owing to high organic content caused by the discharges of domestic wastewater from treatment facilities and non?point sources. Based on the least square method, equations are formulated to estimate turbidity and phosphate, to map the spatial variation on the GIS platform from simulated points. The applicability of satellite imagery for water quality pattern on the coast is verified for efficient planning and management.
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Water quality simulation of sewage impacts in west coast of Mumbai, India(Water Science and Technology)
(Ritesh Vijay, Puja Khobragade R. A. Sohony,165,1-3,559-571,Year : 2010)
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Most coastal cities use the ocean as a site of waste disposal where pollutant loading degrades the quality of coastal waters. Presently, the west coast of Mumbai receives partially treated effluent from wastewater treatment facilities through ocean outfalls and discharges into creeks as well as wastewater/sewage from various open drains and nallahs which affect the water quality of creek and coastal water. Therefore, the objective of this paper is to simulate and assess the hydrodynamic behaviour and water quality due to impact of sewage and wastewater discharges from the west coast of Mumbai. Hydrodynamics and water quality were simulated based on present conditions and validated by using measured tide, current data and observed DO, BOD and FC. Observed and simulated results indicated non compliance to standards in Malad, Mahim creeks and the impact zones of ocean outfalls. The developed model could be used for generating various conditions of hydrodynamics and water quality considering the improvement in wastewater collection systems, treatment levels and proper disposal for proper planning and management of creeks and coastal environment.
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Hydrodynamic assessment of sewage impact on water quality of Malad Creek, Mumbai, India(Environmental Monitoring and Assessment)
(Ritesh Vijay, V. K. Sardar, S. S. Dhage, P. S. Kelkar, A. Gupta,165,1-3,559-571,Year : 2010)
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The rapid population growth and uncontrolled development in the coastal zone have led to major pollution impacts on creeks, estuarine, and coastal environment. Water quality models are valuable tools to understand the environmental processes for prediction of pollution impacts and evaluate future trends for management. Presently, the Malad creek in west coast of Mumbai receives wastewater and sewage from open drains and partially treated sewage from Malad and Versova treatment plants. The objective of the paper is to assess the environmental quality and estimate the extent of improvement in different parts of the creek by enhancing the collection efficiency and adequate treatment of sewage as well as disposal through ocean outfall. A hydrodynamic and water quality simulation has been carried out for the present condition in the creek and calibrated and validated with two different season data for better representation of the system. Calibrated model has been used to generate future scenarios based on various options. Among scenarios, option of treated effluent diverted to propose outfall and improvement in collection of unorganized flow through sewerage up to 40% and 60% are found most significant for biochemical oxygen demand reduction and increase in dissolved oxygen. Fecal coliform reduction is also found drastically but still very high against standard. To improve the environmental quality of the creek, still upper stretch requires more dilution and flushing due to narrow width and contribution of heavy pollution from open drains.
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Development of Noise simulation model for stationary and mobile sources: a GIS based approach(Environmental Monitoring and Assessment)
(Asheesh Sharma, Ritesh Vijay, Veena Sardar, Rajiv Sohony, Apurba Gupta,15,3,189-197,Year : 2010)
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In the rapidly urbanizing country like India, the transportation sector is growing rapidly, which lead to overcrowded roads producing air and noise pollution. Noise of a particular region is influenced by the volume of traffic on the highway, in addition to other causative factors like existing infrastructure and industrial setup etc. In the present paper, a geographical information system (GIS)-based noise simulation model has been developed to generate noise levels in Versova region of Mumbai, India. The study area comprises effect of infrastructure, road network, traffic volume, and various mechanical components like sewage pumping station and wastewater treatment facility. Various meteorological parameters and effect of land use and land cover on noise attenuation are also considered in the model. In this way, commutative noise prediction for point as well as mobile sources has been presented in the study. GIS-based noise simulation has been calibrated with observed noise levels during day and night time with correlation of 0.84 and 0.74, respectively. KeywordsNoise-Simulation-GIS-Point and mobile source
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Adaptability of membrane filtration systems under different treatment options for textile wastewater management in an industrial cluster(Desalination and Water Treatment)
(Manikavasagam Karthik, Pravin Manekar, Tapas Nandy,24,1-3,90-201,Year : 2010)
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Textile manufacturing requires extensive quantity of raw materials such as dyes, salts and water in the process with resultant discharge of these in the wastewaters generated. Indiscriminate disposal of textile effluents in a town located in South of India has severely damaged the ground and surface waters in the area. Current emphasis on protecting the water bodies in the town through tough regulatory compliances following zero discharge has laid the industries as well as regulatory agencies in dilemma. This has resulted in implementation of various treatment options to meet the regulatory norms and water recovery. Recent developments in membrane and advanced oxidation techniques have resulted in having alternatives for the treatment of textile effluent in the cluster. The paper addresses to the case study undertaken in the textile cluster to study operational textile effluent treatment plants employing a combination of unit operations and processes (UO&P) technologies to comply with zero effluent liquid discharge norms. The paper discusses various costs involved in different UO&P options of different technologies are presented here to highlight a sustainable wastewater management with resource recovery.
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Production and single-step purification of Brugia malayi abundant larval transcript (ALT-2) using hydrophobic interaction chromatograph(J. Ind. Microbiol. Biotechnol.)
(Bhuvanesh, S., Arunkumar, C., Kaliraj, P., Ramalingam, S.,37,,1053-1059,Year : 2010)
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Abundant larval transcript (ALT), a novel filarial protein, has been shown to have great potential as a vaccine in the prevention of human lymphatic filariasis. In this study, we report a method for the production of recombinant ALT-2 protein, expressed in the cytoplasm of bacterium Escherichia coli in soluble form and purification in a single step using hydrophobic interaction chromatography (HIC). Fermentation was done by continuous fed-batch methodology with dissolved oxygen (DO)-controlled feed addition. The culture was induced with 1 mM isopropyl-?-D-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG). Up to 9 g/l dry cell weight (DCW) of biomass was obtained from 1.6 l of Luria–Bertani (LB) broth in a bench-scale reactor. Around 200 mg/l of purified ALT-2 with a yield of about 60% was obtained. This is almost a 2.5-fold increase in final protein yield compared to purification using immobilized metal affinity chromatography (IMAC).
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Development of GIS based Environmental Information System: an Indian Scenario(International Journal of Digital Earth)
(Ritesh Vijay, D R Satapathy, B. Nimje, S. Nema, S. Dhurve A. Gupta,2,4,382-392,Year : 2009)
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Ideally, scientists should be able to format, explore, analyse, and visualise data in a simple, powerful and fast application that would seamlessly integrate georeferenced data from a variety of data sources into an intuitive visualisation. The focus of an Environmental Information System is providing environmental information to decision makers, policy planners, scientists and engineers, research workers, etc. which ensures integration of data collection, collation, storage, retrieval and dissemination to all concerned. All such queries should be responded to supplying substantive information in the form of reports. The paper presents an innovative way to utilise the geographic information associated with the environmental data. The stand-alone application is the integration of using ArcObjects Environmental System Research Institute ArcGIS Engine 9.1 and VB.Net. The geographic information system (GIS)-based application, a framework of digital earth in terms of environmental information system provides a user-friendly query interface, which gives information about various environmental parameters in tabular as well as on map display. It also provides the visual interpretation to make further analysis and future decisions at multiple scales, locations and extents. The facility for modifying the map attributes and corresponding databases is integrated to update the information system. Output spatial data are produced in the form of reports using selected fields with display on map.
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A Hydrodynamic approach to address Yamuna riverbed development in Delhi(Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering)
(Ritesh Vijay, Aabha Sargaonkar Apurba Gupta,36,7,1155-1163,Year : 2009)
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Most critical flood problems occur in urban areas where values at risk are higher and damages tend to be heavier. In the present study, a hydrodynamic simulation of the river Yamuna has been generated under different designated flood flows to delineate the land availability under existing and modified riverbed geometry including channel dredging and riverbed dressing. Flood flows for various return periods, namely once in 10, 25, 50, and 100 years are estimated based on the past 41 years of recorded data using flood frequency analysis. The model set up considered the river stretch of 23 km from the Wazirabad barrage upstream to the Okhla barrage downstream, which includes manmade structures like bridges and barrages. Model calibration is achieved by comparing the water surface elevations with observed data at various downstream gauge stations. The land availability based on submergence scenarios under existing riverbed condition is estimated to be 1147.6, 873.1, and 762.6 ha, respectively, for 10, 50, and 100 year return flood. Various simulations are generated including channel dredging and riverbed dressing to obtain safe height and safe width for dressing the riverbed. The modified river geometry considered channel dredging in 750 to 1350 m width, and riverbed dressing for safe height and width in three levels in various sections. The land availability under this scenario is estimated to be 2197, 1129, and 545 ha for 10, 50, and 100 year return flood, respectively. It is proposed to dress the riverbed by utilizing the material obtained from channel dredging in three levels to maintain the transverse and longitudinal slope, river morphology, and river system. Developmental planning in the riverbed may include utilization of land at three levels for various purposes such as playgrounds, nursery, etc. However, it is suggested that the feasibility study of the project requires detailed engineering including slope stability prior to implementation of the riverbed development.
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Optimization of medium for the production of subtilisin from Bacillus subtilis MTCC 441
(Navaneeth, S., Bhuvanesh, S., Bhaskar, V., Vijay Kumar, P., Kandaswamy S.K.J., Anant,8,,6327-6331,Year : 2009)
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Subtilisins (E.C.3.4.21.62) are alkaline proteases that are secreted by members of the genus Bacillus. They are serine proteases that exhibit high specific activity on proteinaceous substrates, function optimally at moderate temperatures, and are stable under alkaline conditions. Thus the use of subtilisin as an enzyme additive could help in development of quality laundry detergents. In this work the subtilisin production from Bacillus subtilis (MTCC 441) was improved by altering and optimizing the media components. This alteration was brought up by process development strategy. The effect of yeast extract, casein, peptone and sodium chloride on subtilisin production was studied and were optimized using Box Behnken Design. The optimal growth conditions for B. subtilis MTCC 441 were found to 37 o C, and pH 7.5. The optimal media composition for subtilisin production was found to be yeast extract at 6.75 g/L, peptone at 4.41 g/L, sodium chloride at 6.08 g/L, casein at 10.75 g/L with glucose at 5 g/L. The predicted and observed response were 181.00 U/mg (with desirability =0.87) and 185.70 U/mg, respectively.
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GIS-based locational analysis of collection bins in municipal solid waste management systems( Journal of Environmental Engineering and Science)
(Ritesh Vijay, Ajay Gautam, Ajay Kalamdhad, A. Gupta S. Devotta,7,1,39-43,Year : 2008)
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Solid waste management systems currently receive wide attention, from both economic and environmental plan-ners, because of their complexity during coordination of various management strategies. The efficiency and cost effective-ness of route optimization and disposal site selection depend largely upon the appropriate placement of storage bins and their corresponding command area for waste contribution. The present paper illustrates a geographic information system (GIS) based algorithm for optimal location and number of storage bins, considering p-median constrained model, based on Indian guidelines for Municipal Solid Waste Rules. The algorithm also computes the contributing command area of ??solid waste to a particular bin, based on the shortest distance, with descending slope for ease in solid waste collection. Summary : Solid waste management systems are currently attracting much attention from economic and environmental planners due to their complexity in coordinating various management strategies. The efficiency and cost-effectiveness of route optimization and landfill site selection largely depend on the appropriate location of the storage bins and their corresponding service area for waste collection. This article presents an algorithm based on a Geographic Information System (GIS) used to determine the optimal location and number of storage bins, given a constrained p-median model, based on guidelines for the regulation of municipal solid waste in India. The The algorithm also calculates the solid waste collection area served by a particular storage bin based on the shortest distance, with a downward slope to facilitate solid waste collection. Keywords: municipal solid waste, location of bins, area served, geographic information system.
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Correlating on- line monitoring parameters, pH, DO and ORP with nutrient removal in an intermittent cyclic process bioreactor system(Bio-Resource Technology)
(Pankaj Tanwar, Tapas Nandy, Pallavi Ukey, Pravin Manekar,99,16,7630-7635,Year : 2008)
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The paper presents the study correlating the profile of on-line monitoring parameters and nutrient removal in an intermittent cyclic process bioreactor (ICPBR) system, thereby utilizing the parameters as operational tool. A laboratory scale ICPBR was employed to treat low C/N ratio domestic wastewater from a township. The study was conducted for correlating biological nutrient removal and on-line monitored parameters pH, dissolved oxygen (DO) and oxidation–reduction potential (ORP). The results revealed that pH, DO and ORP related with the dynamic behavior of nutrient concentration (NH4–N, NO3–N, and PO4–P) during treatment in an ICPBR system. The variation in pH and ORP of the reactor liquor correlate to conversion of ammonia (NH4–N) and nitrate (NO3–N) concentrations, respectively. As the bioconversion of ammonia nitrogen and phosphorus are related to the varying profile of the on-line monitored parameters, the profiles could possibly be used as onsite process control parameters.
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Spatio-temporal analysis of groundwater recharge and mound dynamics in an unconfined aquifer: a GIS-based approach (Hydrological Processes)
(Ritesh Vijay, Nikhil H. Panchbhai Apurba Gupta,21,,2760-2764,Year : 2007)
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Groundwater recharge and mounding of water?table is a complex phenomenon involving time? and space?dependent hydrologic processes. The effect of long?term groundwater mounding in the aquifer depends on soil, aquifer geometry and the area contributing to recharge. In this paper, a GIS?based spatio?temporal algorithm has been developed for the groundwater mound dynamics to estimate the potential rise in the water?table and groundwater volume balance residual in an unconfined aquifer. The recharge and mound dynamics as predicted using the methodology recommended here were compared with those using the Hantush equation, and the differences were quite significant. The significance of the study is to assess the effectiveness of the basin in terms of its hydrologic and hydraulic properties for sustainable management of groundwater recharge.
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Hydrodynamic Simulation of River Yamuna for riverbed assessment: a case study of Delhi region(Environmental Monitoring and Assessment)
(Ritesh Vijay Abha Sargoankar Apurba Gupta,130,1-3,381-387,Year : 2007)
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A well known river hydrodynamic model RiverCAD has been used to simulate and visualize flood scenarios for different designated flood flows under complex riverbed geometry with several man made structures like bridges and barrages. The model applied successfully for the stretch of 23 km in the Yamuna floodplain of Delhi region from Wazirabad barrage in the upstream to Okhla barrage. Flood flows for various return periods namely once in 10, 25, 50 and 100 years were estimated based on recorded flow data for the period of 1963 to 2003 using standard flood frequency analysis techniques. The simulation results were compared and the model was calibrated with water surface elevation records of the previous floods at various barrage and bridge locations. Simulation results enabled prediction of maximum water levels, submergence scenarios and land availability under different designated flood flows for riverbed assessment, development and management.
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Water conservation through implementation of ultrafiltration and reverse osmosis system with recourse to recycling of effluent in textile industry-A case study
(Tapas Nandy, Pravin Manekar, Rita Dhodapkar, Girish Pophali, Sukumar Devotta,51,1,64-77,Year : 2007)
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In compliance with the protection of the drinking water source in one of the state capital of India, a cluster of small scale textile industries implemented membrane processes based on treatability studies for recovery of boiler feed water quality with recourse to effluent recycling/reuse. The paper addresses to a case study in one of the textile units on upgradation of a full scale effluent treatment plant comprising chemical, biological, tertiary and advanced treatment processes. Based on the adequacy assessment of chemical and biological processes, improvement in the performance of the unit processes were achieved through optimization of coagulant dosage for chemical coagulation and build-up of active biomass in the activated sludge system. In addition, application of membrane separation processes comprising ultrafiltration and reverse osmosis units are also highlighted including disposal of reverse osmosis (RO) rejects through evaporator leading to zero liquid effluent discharge. The treatment scheme implemented resulted in conservation of around 55% of fresh water demand for industry.
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Quantitative assessment of annual runoff in sub-catchments using GIS: A case study of the Tapi river basin, India(International Journal of Environmental Studies)
(Abha Sargaonkar, Ritesh Vijay ,Apurba Gupta,63,, 189-19,Year : 2006)
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The Tapi is a major interstate, westerly flowing river with 14 tributaries, of which the left bank tributaries support large settlements in Maharashtra State. It has been identified as one of the water scarce basins of India. There are many dams and barrages in the basin to store and divert water for agricultural and industrial purposes. This results in low flow and deterioration of water quality in the region particularly in non?monsoon months. This paper presents the details of a GIS?based rainfall?runoff modelling study carried out to assess the runoff flow in the sub?catchments and at the outlet of the Tapi Basin. Using mean monthly rainfall data at seven gauging stations in the basin, and land use and soil characteristics as reported by the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB), the annual runoff flow at the watershed outlet was estimated to be 18,814 MCM. A comparison of runoff generated in the sub?catchments and the observed runoff at Central Water Commission (CWC) monitoring stations is presented. Results of the simulation indicate that the reduced river flows caused by the number of dams/reservoirs constructed upstream are useful as a guideline for the development of environmental flow regulations for rivers and streams in the Tapi Basin.
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Estimation and Allocation of Solid Waste to Bin Through Geographical Information System (GIS)(Waste Management & Research)
(Ritesh Vijay, A. Gupta, Ajay S. Kalamdhad, and Sukumar Devotta,23,5,479-484,Year : 2005)
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This study presents a geographical information system (GIS)-based procedure for the precise estimation of solid waste generation, computed using the local population density and income group distribution. Using a triangulated irregular network (TIN) in a GIS environment, the procedure further determines the command area for waste allocation to a particular bin which is generally located so the route slopes towards the collection points for ease of transportation by cart pullers. Computational results of bin location, type, size and the frequency of removal are presented for a typical urban area with known population density, income group distribution, road network and topology.
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