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Effect of biochar on bio-electrochemical dye degradation and energyProduction(Bioresource Technology)
(Ayyappan, C.S., Bhalambaal, V.M.,Kumar, S.,251, ,,165-170,Year : 2018)
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No information is available
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Bioremediation and detoxification of industrial wastes by earthworms:Vermicompost as powerful crop nutrient in sustainable agriculture(Bioresource Technology)
(Bhat, S.A., Singh, S., Singh, J., Kumar, S., and Vig, A.P.,252, ,,172-179,Year : 2018)
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Vermicompost is the final product of the vermicomposting process involving the collective action of earthworms and microbes. During this process, the waste is converted into useful manure by reducing the harmful effects of waste. Toxicity of industrial wastes is evaluated by plant bioassays viz. Allium cepa and Vicia faba test. These bioassays are sensitive and cost-effective for the monitoring of environmental contamination. The valorization potential of earthworms and their ability to detoxify heavy metals in industrial wastes is because of their strong metabolic system and involvement of earthworm gut microbes and chloragocyte cells. Most of the studies reported that the vermicompost produced from organic wastes contains higher amounts of humic substances, which plays a major role in growth of plants. The present article discusses the detoxification of industrial wastes by earthworms and the role of final vermicompost in plant growth and development.
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Improving methane yield and quality via co-digestion of cow dung mixed with food waste(Bioresource Technology)
(Awasthi, S.K., Joshi, R., Dhar, H., Verma, S., Awasthi, M.K., Varjani, S., Sarsaiya, S., Zhang, Z., & Kumar, S.,251, ,,259-263,Year : 2018)
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Methane (CH4) production and quality were enhanced by the co-digestion of cow dung and food waste (FW) mixed with organic fraction of municipal solid waste (OFMSW) under optimized conditions in bench and semi continuous-scale mode for a period of 30 days. A bacterium capable of high yield of CH4 was enriched and isolated by employing activated sewage sludge as the inoculums. The thirteen bacterial isolates were identified through morphological and biochemical tests. Gas chromatography was used to analyze the chemical compositions of the generated biogas. CH4 yields were significantly higher during co-digestion of Run II (7.59 L) than Run I (3.7 L). Therefore, the co-digestion of FW with OFMSW and Run II was observed to be a competent method for biogas conversion from organic waste resources.
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Biodegradation of food waste using microbial cultures producing thermostable -amylase and cellulase?under different pH and temperature(Bioresource Technology)
(Awasthi, M.K.,Wong,J.W.C., Kumar,?S., Awasthi,S.K.,Wang, Q., Wang, M.,Ren, X., Zhao, J.,Chen, H., & Zhang, Z.,248, ,,160-170,Year : 2018)
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The aim of this work was to study the biodegradation of food waste employing thermostable a-amylase and cellulase enzymes producing bacteria. Four potential isolates were identified which were capable of producing maximum amylase and cellulase and belong to the amylolytic strains, Brevibacillus borstelensis and Bacillus licheniformis; cellulolytic strains, Bacillus thuringiensis and Bacillus licheniformis, respectively. These strains were selected based on its higher cell density, enzymatic activities and stability at a wide range of pH and temperature compared to other strains. The results indicated that 1:1 ratio of pre and post consumed food wastes (FWs) were helpful to facilitate the degradation employing bacterial consortium. In addition, organic matter decomposition and chemical parameters of the end product quality also indicated that bacterial consortium was very effective for 1:1 ratio of FWs degradation as compared to the other treatments.
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Role of saw dust and cow dung on compost maturity during rotary drum composting of flower waste(Bioresource Technology)
(Sharma, D., Yadav, K.D., Kumar S.,264, ,,285-289,Year : 2018)
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No information is available
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Removal enactment of organo-phosphorous pesticide using bacteria isolated from domestic sewage(Bioresource Technology)
(Shabbir, Md., Singh, M., Maiti, S., Kumar, S., Saha, S.K,263, ,,280-288,Year : 2018)
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No information is available
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Rapid composting techniques in Indian context and uitilization of black soldier fly for enhnaced decomposition of biodegradable wastes- A comprehensive review(Journal of Environmnetal Management)
(Kumar, S., Negi, S., Mandpe, A., Singh, R.V., &Hussain, A.,227, ,,189-199,Year : 2018)
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No information is available
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Methane potential from municipal biowaste: insight from six communities in Maharashtra, India(Bioresource Technology)
(Breitenmoser, L., Dhar, H., Gross, T., Bakre, M., Huesch, R., Hugi, C., Witgens, T., Kumar, R., & Kumar, S.,254, ,,224-230,Year : 2018)
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Anaerobic digestion (AD) of biowaste can generate biogas with methane (CH4) as energy source and contribute to sustainable municipal solid waste management in India. Characteristic municipal biowastes sampled seasonally from household, fruit and vegetable market and agricultural waste collection points in villages, towns and cities in Maharashtra were analysed to assess the potential as substrate for AD. The mean biochemical methane potential (BMP, at 37 C) across seasons and community sizes was between 200 260, 175 240 and 101 286 NLCH4 kgvs 1 for household, market and agricultural biowaste, respectively. CH4 yields were comparable in villages, towns and cities. Seasonal variations in CH4 yields were observed for market and agricultural biowaste with highest values during pre-monsoon season. Results underpin that municipal biowaste is a suitable substrate for AD in India. However, low purity of available biowaste resulted in lower CH4 yields compared to recent studies using source-segregated biowaste.
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Biomethane potential for co-digestion of municipal solid waste and rice straw: a batch study(Bioresource Technology)
(Negi, S., Dhar, S., Hussain, A., & Kumar, S.,254, ,,139-144,Year : 2018)
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Rice straw (RS) contains a high amount of lignocellulosic materials which are difficult to degrade without thermal pretreatment. In the present study, co-digestion of municipal solid waste (MSW) and RS was carried out in three different ratios i.e., 1:1, 2:1, and 3:1 to get the maximum biomethanation potential and methane generation rate constant (k). The biogas and methane (CH4) potential increased by 60% and 57%, respectively for MSW and RS in the ratio 2:1 as compared to other combination. The values of k, biochemical methane potential (?b) and sludge activity were measured as 0.1 d?1, 0.99 CH4-COD/CODfed and 0.50 g CH4-COD/g VSS, respectively. The sludge activity was found to be 100% for 2:1 ratio. Co-digestion of RS with MSW can also optimize the C/N ratio which is an essential parameter in the anaerobic digestion process.
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Synergistic effect of fly ash in- vessel-composting of biomass and kitchen waste(BioresourceTechnology)
(Manyapu, V., Mandpe, A., & Kumar S.,251, ,,114-120,Year : 2017)
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The present study aims to utilize coal fly ash for its property to adsorb heavy metals and thus reducing the bioavailability of the metals for plant uptake. Fly ash was incorporated into the in-vessel composting system along with organic waste. The in-vessel composting experiments were conducted in ten plastic vessels of 15 L capacity comprising varying proportions of biomass waste, kitchen waste and fly ash. In this study, maximum degradation of organic matter was observed in Vessel 3 having k value of 0.550 d?1. In vessel 10, 20% fly ash with a combination of 50% biomass waste and 30% kitchen waste along with the addition of 5% jaggery as an additive produced the best outcome with least organic matter (%C) loss and lowest value of rate constant (k).
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Towards developing a representative biochemical methane potential (BMP) assay for landfill waste-a review(Bioresource Technology)
(Pearse, L.F., Hettiaratchi, J.P.A., & Kumar, S.,,,,Year : 2017)
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The applicability of slurry-based (semi-liquids) BMP assay in determining biodegradation kinetic parameters of landfilled waste is critically reviewed. Factors affecting the amount and rate of methane (CH4) production during anaerobic degradation of municipal solid waste (MSW) and optimal values of these factors specific to landfill conditions are presented. The history of conventional BMP, and some existing procedures are reviewed. A landfill BMP (LBMP) assay is proposed that manipulates some of the key factors, such as moisture content, particle and sample size, that affects the rate of CH4 production and the CH4 generation potential of landfilled MSW (LMSW). By selecting proper conditions for these factors, a representative BMP assay could be conducted to ensure accurate determinations of CH4 potential and the kinetic parameters k; first order rate coefficient and Lo; methane generation potential.
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Effect of bulking agents and cow dung as an inoculants on vegetable waste compost quality(Bioresource Technology)
(Rich, N., Bharti, A., & Kumar S.,252, ,,83-90,Year : 2017)
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No information is available
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Aerated bio filters with multiple-level air injection configurations to enhance biological treatment of methane emissions(Bioresource Technology)
(Farrokhzadeh, H., Hettiaratchi, J.P.A., Jayasinghe, P., &S Kumar,239, ,,219-225,Year : 2017)
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No information is available
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The use of methanotrophic applications to control of fugitive methane emissions from the biodegradation of organic waste(International Journal of Environmental Technology, and Management)
(Mancebo, U., Hettiaratchi, J. P.A., Kumar, S., &Hurtado, O.,15, ,,524-538,Year : 2017)
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Large amounts of methane (CH4) escapes to the atmosphere through fugitive emissions arising from anthropogenic sources. This is detrimental because the Global Warming Potential (GWP) of CH4 is 25 times that of carbon dioxide (CO2) on a 100 year time horizon. As a result, there has been increasing interest in developing cost-effective and reliable alternatives for the minimisation of CH4 releases into the atmosphere. The aim of this paper is to discuss the current state of efforts and alternatives with respect to the control of fugitive CH4 emissions generated from the anaerobic biodegradation of organic waste.
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Challenges and opportunities associated with waste management in India(Royal Society Open Science)
(Kumar, S., Smith, S.R., Fowler, G.F., Velis, C., Kumar, S.J., Arya, S., Rena., Kumar, R., &Cheeseman, C.,41,,,60,764,Year : 2017)
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India faces major environmental challenges associated with waste generation and inadequate waste collection, transport, treatment and disposal. Current systems in India cannot cope with the volumes of waste generated by an increasing urban population, and this impacts on the environment and public health. The challenges and barriers are significant, but so are the opportunities. This paper reports on an international seminar on Sustainable solid waste management for cities: opportunities in South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) countries organized by the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute and the Royal Society. A priority is to move from reliance on waste dumps that offer no environmental protection, to waste management systems that retain useful resources within the economy. Waste segregation at source and use of specialized waste processing facilities to separate recyclable materials has a key role. Disposal of residual waste after extraction of material resources needs engineered landfill sites and/or investment in waste-to-energy facilities. The potential for energy generation from landfill via methane extraction or thermal treatment is a major opportunity, but a key barrier is the shortage of qualified engineers and environmental professionals with the experience to deliver improved waste management systems in India.
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A review on organic waste to energy systems in India.(Bioresource Technology)
(Dhar, H., Kumar, S., & Kumar, R.,245. ,,1229-1237,Year : 2017)
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Waste generation is increasing day-by-day with the growth of population which directly affects the environment and economy. Organic municipal solid waste (MSW) and agriculture sectors contribute towards maximum waste generation in India. Thus, management of organic waste is very much essential with the increasing demand for energy. The present paper mainly focusses on reviewing waste to energy (WtE) potentials, its technologies, and the associated challenges. Different substrates are utilized through various technological options in India. Organic waste has good potential to attain sustainable energy yields with and without affecting the environment. A realistic scenario of WtE technologies and their challenges in line with the existing Indian condition is presented in this paper.
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Inhibitory effects of acidic pH and Confounding effects of moisture content on methane biofiltration(Bioresource Technology)
(Barzgar, S., Hettiaratchi, J.P.A., Pearse, L., &Kumar, S.,245, ,,633-640,Year : 2017)
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This study focussed on evaluating the effect of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) on biological oxidation of waste methane (CH4) gas in compost biofilters, Batch experiments were conducted to determine the dependency of maximum methane oxidation rate (Vmax) on two main factors; pH and moisture content, as well as their interaction effects. The maximum Vmax was observed at a pH of 7.2 with decreasing Vmax values observed with decreasing pH, irrespective of moisture content. Flow-through columns operated at a pH of 4.5 oxidized CH4 at a flux rate of 53 g/m2/d compared to 146 g/m2/d in columns operated at neutral pH. No oxidation activity was observed for columns operated at pH 2.5, and DNA sequencing analysis of samples led to the conclusion that highly acidic conditions were responsible for inhibiting the ability of methanotrophs to oxidize CH4. Biofilter columns operated at pH 2.5 contained only 2% methanotrophs (type I) out of the total microbial population, compared to 55% in columns operated at pH 7.5. Overall, changes in the population of methanotrophs with acidification within the biofilters compromised its capacity to oxidize CH4 which demonstrated that a compost biofilter could not operate efficiently in the presence of high levels of H2S.
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In-vessel composting: a rapid technology for conversion of bio-waste into compost. (International Journal of Science and Engineering)
(Manyapu, V., Shukla, S., Kumar, S., &Rajendra, K.,2, ,,58-63,Year : 2017)
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Composting always proved to be the Nature-friendly and sustainable method for getting rid of the huge burden of biowaste. As we witness, there is an intractable growth of human population and their unlimited consumption of different goods produce a tremendous amount of waste. In New Delhi itself, more than 9500 tons of waste is generated every day, out of which 8000 tons per day goes to the landfilling, which is the most commonly practiced method. This malignant process instead of solving the problem of waste, in turn, causes more problems like methane emission, heavy metal leaching into groundwater, soil pollution, etc. Composting mimics natural mineralization process which is the alternative solution of resource recovery with no side-effects. To curb such a huge amount of waste, the composting process must be rapidified and achieved by in-vessel composting, where the partial anaerobic condition is reduced by enforced aeration and critical parameters like moisture and temperature can be controlled. Aerobic bacteria are the main agents which speed up the composting process. Moreover, easily available natural additives like buttermilk, jaggery, sugar, etc. also speed up the microbial process and increase the efficiency. So, the in-vessel composting provides efficient compost in a very short time period. This paper will provide a critical assessment of In-vessel composting in terms of process parameters and efficiency in comparison with conventional methods. This process can be critically utilized for community-based composting at small scale compost production, which will be a key to link daily household waste with resource generation with the aim to achieve Swach Bharat Mission.
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Co-composting of vegetable wastes and carton: Effect of carton composition and parameter variations(Bioresource Technology)
(Rawoteea, S.A.,?Mudhoo,?A.,?&Kumar, S.,227, ,,171-178,Year : 2017)
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The aim of the study was to investigate the effects of carton in the composting process of mixed vegetable wastes using an experimental composter of capacity 80 L. Three different mixes were set-up (Mixes 1, 2 and 3) which consisted of vegetable wastes, 2.0 kg paper and bulking agents, vegetable wastes, 1.5 kg carton and bulking agents, vegetable wastes, 4.5 kg carton and bulking agents, respectively. Temperature evolution, pH trends, moisture levels, respiration rates, percentage volatile solids and electrical conductivity were monitored for a period of 50 days. The system remained under thermophilic conditions for a very short period due to the small size of the reactor. The three mixes did not exceed a temperature of 55 C, where sanitization takes place by the destruction of pathogens. The highest peak of CO2 evolution was observed in Mix 2 indicating that maximum microbial degradation took place in that mix.
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Emission from open burning of municipal solid waste in India.(Environmental Technology)
(Kumari, K., Kumar, S., Rajagopal, V., Khare, A., & Kumar, R.
,,,,Year : 2017)
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"Open burning of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) is a potential non-point source of emission, which causes greater concern especially in developing countries like India. The lack of awareness about environmental impact of open burning among the public, and ignorance of the fact i.e., “Open burning is a source of emission of carcinogenic substances” by environmental organizations are major hindrances towards appropriate municipal solid waste management (MSWM) system in India. The present paper highlights about the open burning of MSW practices in India, the current and projected emission of 10 major pollutants, namely dioxin, furans, particulate matter, carbon monoxide, sulphur oxides, nitrogen oxides, benzene, toluene, ethyl benzene and 1-hexene emitted due to the open burning of MSW. Waste to Energy (WTE) potential of MSW was also estimated adopting effective biological and thermal techniques, such as Biomethanation and Plasma Arc Gasification by replacing open burning technique. Statistical techniques were applied to analyse the data and current and projected emission of these 10 pollutants were estimated. Data pertaining to population, MSW generation and its collection efficiency were compiled for 29 States and 7 Union Territories. Thereafter, emission of 10 pollutants was measured following methodology prescribed in Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) guideline for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, 2006. The study revealed that people living in Metropolitan cities in India are more affected by emissions from open burning."
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